Wind Energy as a Replacement for Fossil Fuels - 960 Words

The Issue Energy is an integral part of our daily lives. While organisms get energy to move from food, non-living appliances such as phones, lights, cars etc. get their energy from other renewable or non-renewable sources. The majority of energy consumed comes from non-renewable energy sources: fossil fuels (oil, gas and coal) and nuclear energy. In the past few decades, the issue of a potential â€Å"energy crisis† has arisen. Since people nowadays use such large amounts of fossil fuels, they will run out in the near future. Out of the three fossil fuels, oil and gas are the most widely used. It is predicted that, without taking into account the new reserves that could become accessible with the advancement of technology, oil and gas†¦show more content†¦Wind farms can be found either on land or offshore in either shallow or deep water. Smaller wind turbines can be found on the roofs of houses that just produce electricity for one household. How much energy a wind turbine prod uces depends on its size. Currently, wind power supplies just under 2% of global power, and has the potential to increase to 12-18% by 2020. It is the fastest growing power source, growing 25% each year. One World Issues The first one world issue that can be considered is environmental. Wind energy is beneficial to the environment, as it does not produce any waste, pollution and greenhouse gases. It has been found that the emissions eliminated in a year from generating electricity using a 1 megawatt wind turbine is over 1500 tons of carbon dioxide, 6.5 tons of sulfur dioxide, 3.2 tons of nitrogen oxides, and 60 pounds of mercury (â€Å"About Wind Energy: Factsheets†)—substances that are either greenhouse gases or cause negative health effects (â€Å"Health†) (â€Å"Basic Information†), or both (â€Å"Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)†. Wind turbines also don’t require water to prevent overheating, unlike other ways of producing energy. However, wind turbines can effect the environment negatively because they can ruin the landscape, as areas with high wind energy potential are usually very scenic. In addition to this, they can still cause noise pollution even though moder n technology has allowed them to become quieter (Cruden 46). The second one world issue that concernsShow MoreRelatedNew Is Not Always Better Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesarea of energy needs. Coal and fossil fuels have been used for a long time and are now considered crude and outdated. Many governments and companies are now searching for cleaner and renewable alternatives such as solar energy, bio-fuels, and wind energy. Although these new sources are great for additives to the energy market, they are in no way a suitable replacement for fossil fuels. All of these types of energy have their own place which is working alongside the other forms of energy. 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In addition to this, fossil fuel will not exist forever because there is a limited amount on earth and it cannot be restored. For this reason, the UnitedRead MoreHeat947 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscuss how energy can be converted from one form to another, giving specific examples. The seven major forms of energy are: sound, chemical, radiant (light), electrical, atomic (nuclear), mechanical, thermal (heat). Remembered as â€Å"SCREAM Today† The two states of energy are potential and kinetic. (Clarkson, edu.2008). Energy can be converted to useful forms by various means. Energy and its conversion between forms can be expressed quantitatively. When converting energy, a significantRead MoreAlternative Energy Vs. Fossil Fuels Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesAlternative energy versus fossil fuels is a very controversial issue surrounding America today. 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An effort must be made to pull away fromRead MoreWind Energy : An Efficient Form Of Clean Energy Essay1220 Words   |  5 Pagesefficient form of clean energy. Wind energy has the potential to become the base of sustainable energy for America’s future. Although there are a few disadvantages to wind energy, the protection it offers along with the economical and environmental advantages provide many reasons to use more wind energy and less coal and fossil fuels in America. Wind energy can build a safeguard for the United States to protect us from outside adversity and harm. Increasing the number of wind turbines will help theRead MoreIs Energy Consumption A Major Challenge For Most Countries All Over The World? Essay1502 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays energy consumption has become a major challenge for most countries all over the world in terms of efficient utility and environment protection. Most negative effects, such as air pollution, destruction of landform, disturbance of ecological balance and climate change, could be attributed to massive use of fossil fuel. At the same time, fossil fuel resource, which accumulated for billions years on earth, would be running out in a short term under such unlimited consumption. â€Å"The Stone AgeRead MoreEnvironmental Benefits Of Wind Energy Essay1216 Words   |  5 Pagesgreenhouse gas emissions. Wind energy has the potential to become the base of sustainable energy for America’s future. Althoug h there are a few disadvantages to wind energy, the protection it offers along with the economical and environmental advantages provide many reasons to use more wind energy and less coal and fossil fuels in America. Wind energy can build a safeguard for the United States to protect us from outside adversity and harm. 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The Ugly Truth About Mainstreaming Classrooms - 1798 Words

The Ugly Truth About Mainstreaming Classrooms Gabrielle Wooten Towson University Abstract Full inclusion classrooms hinder the disabled students’ abilities by making the students feel isolated, causing lower grades, and lacking the proper help the students need to succeed. These disadvantages and the support used proves that the segregated classroom allow the special needs students to focus and the general students to not be distracted as well. With the students undivided attention, the students’, in excluded classrooms, grades improve greatly. As more people know about full inclusion, there is more of a chance to keep it out of school systems everywhere. Introduction Full inclusion or mainstreaming classrooms is when special needs students are assimilated into a general classroom setting. On the other hand, the special needs classrooms are set aside to allow disabled students to learn at a different pace with a certified teacher. The census has reported â€Å"Of the 53.9 million school-aged children (aged 5 to 17) in the U.S. civilian no institutionalized population, about 2.8 million were reported to have a disability in 2010 †(Brault, 2011, p. 1). These children require special attention from properly trained teachers who can help them succeed. Since the number of special needs students is on the rise, full inclusion has become a popular topic among education reformers. The full inclusion of a class can mean the difference between passing

Personal Statement Who I Am Essay Example For Students

Personal Statement Who I Am Essay Youre in a room all by yourself; theres no one to talk to, no one to help you understand what is going on the outside of this door. The TV is loud, you still can hear every groan and cry on the other side of that door. You cant help but wonder, whats going on, why is this happening, what can I do to help? But you cant help, no one can really help. As a child, I was the quietest child out of all my siblings. I kept to myself, didnt really bother anybody. Not to mention, I never told anybody how I felt about situations. I guess you can say Im very mysterious person. I dont really explain my life to people. Not that Im embarrassed about it, im just not an open book. I believe my past is dark, and people wont believe that my past is what my past really is. But, all I can do is learn from it and grow from it. Although I didnt realize it at the time, he had a lot going in his head. My parents were not together, and I lived with my dad. Plus, my grandmother came and took care of my brother and me when my dad was gone. It seemed to me like everything was all happy and joyful living with my dad. But I didnt know what was really going on. I remember one afternoon a bunch of police officers came by my apartment and asking if my father was home but he wasnt. I believe thats when I knew something wasnt right. Soon after I would hear cries, groans, and grunts coming from a different room. What I soon discovered a person with bruises on her body. It was my grandmother. At this time of my life I never really discussed this with anyone, Its not like I wanted to distract my father. If people asked me who is my father and what is he like. I would tell them my dad is this person, and I dont know what hes like because I never lived with him. Because of this incident that I have witnessed, my fathers relationship with me has been difficult. I didnt know this until later in life but my dad was not all there due to all this illegal activity that was happening, which caused him to be the way he was. The events that happened in my life, have made me the person that I am today. If I wasnt from this I wouldnt be in this school in this state. I would probably be still be living in California. My life, as I know it, wouldnt be the same. Maybe the exact opposite. I have learned from these events, In the sense that violence is not the key to everything. It can get you into a lot of trouble. I have also learned that you shouldnt accused people right away until you get the full story, from both sides. he events that happened made me the way I am. If you take the events that happened, out of my life, then I would not be the person who I am today.

Progress Report free essay sample

Progress Report We as a learning team are progressing well through the assignment. Each member took on a deferent topic that needs to be addressed in the final project. We are each starting our sections of the final project. Each team member will be completing two pages each for the final project. We are right on track for the final weeks team assignment. Also, for the final team presentation each of the team members will complete two slides each to be collaborated for the final presentation. The team Is irking well together and so far everyone Is contributing equally.Jennifer has completed the outline for the final team project. The outline Is below: McBride Financial Services Risk Assessment GMT/442 July 16, 2012 McBride Financial Services, one of the Virtual Organizations, is currently opening offices in Boise, Idaho and Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Select one of the locations and prepare a comprehensive risk assessment for McBride management team. We will write a custom essay sample on Progress Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The risk assessment should identify the background and potential risks that could impact the operation of the business.It will provide Background Possible Failure Scenarios Potential targets of terrorist activity such as government offices, law enforcement agencies, or politically sensitive businesses or services Public Imagine and Reputation Public transportation facilities that might handle the carriage of dangerous or hazardous substances, which could be involved in major accidents Potential targets of criminal activity Safety and Environment The use of toxic chemicals in the vicinity of the business by manufacturing processes

Cuánto es la cuota por solicitar la visa americana

Cunto es la cuota por solicitar la visa americana Al solicitar una  visa  americana no inmigrante  se debe pagar una cuota, conocida en algunos paà ­ses como arancel, al inicio de los trmites. Este dinero no se recupera si la visa es negada. En este artà ­culo se lista la cuota a pagar segà ºn el tipo de visa,  los 3 casos en los que se dispensa del cobro de la cuota. Adems, como saber por cunto tiempo dan la validez de la visa segà ºn el paà ­s en el que se aplica. Monto de la cuota de las visas americanas Segà ºn el tipo de visados, la cantidad a pagar es la siguiente: A, para diplomticos: gratuitaB1, B2, B1/B2, de negocios, turista, o combinada de ambas, tratamiento mà ©dico: $160C1, de trnsito: $160D, tripulacià ³n de barcos y aviones: $160E-1 y E-2 de inversià ³n: $205F, estudiantes acadà ©micos: $160G, para trabajar en organizaciones internacionales: gratuita H1-B para profesionales y H-2A y H2-B para trabajos temporales sin estudios: $190I, periodista, reportero: $160J, de intercambio: $160, excepto en el caso de programas culturales o educativos patrocinados por el gobierno de los Estados Unidos. En estos casos la solicitud de la visa es gratuita.K, de novio de ciudadano americano: $265L, para transfers dentro de una compaà ±Ãƒ ­a multinacionalM, estudiantes vocaciones: $160NATO, para miembros de esa organizacià ³n militar: gratuitaO, de trabajo para personas con habilidades extraordinarias: $190P, para artistas, atletas y profesionales en un espectculo: $190Q, de intercambio cultural internacional: $190R, para religiosos: $190 Tarjeta de cruce, tambià ©n conocida como visa lser: $160, excepto para los menores de 15 aà ±os que aplican con un progenitor o guardin o à ©ste ya la tiene. En estos casos: $16 TN, de trabajo temporal para profesionales mexicanos: $160T, para và ­ctimas de trfico humano: $160U, para và ­ctimas de violencia: $160 En el caso de turistas o personas de negocios con un pasaporte de un paà ­s incluido en el Programa de Exencià ³n de Visados deben pagar la cuota de la ESTA si llegan a Estados Unidos por avià ³n. En la actualidad el costo es de $14 si es aprobada. Si es denegada se pagan $4 en concepto de trmites. La visas no inmigrante pueden ser negadas por muchas causas que son clasificadas en dos grandes categorà ­as. En primer lugar, las que convierten al solicitante en inelegible para la visa. Y, en segundo lugar, las que lo convierten en inadmisible para ingresar en Estados Unidos. Si la visa es negada por una o varias causas, el costo pagado por la cuota de la visa no se recupera.   3 casos de dispensa del pago de la cuota de la visa americana Las leyes migratorias establecen que se puede dispensar del pago de la tarifa en cualquiera de las situaciones siguientes: En primer lugar, cuando el viaje a los Estados Unidos tiene como fin brindar un servicio caritativo. En segundo lugar cuando son empleados del gobierno americano y viajan por razà ³n de su trabajo. Y, en tercer lugar cuando se trate de familiares de un empleado del gobierno y que fallecià ³ o fue herido en combate o en su trabajo cuando se desea ingresar a Estados Unidos para asistir al funeral o para visitarle en el hospital. Cuotas adicionales por tratados de reciprocidad y plazos validez Una vez que la visa ha sido aprobada, los ciudadanos de determinados paà ­ses deben abonar un cargo adicional por algunos tipos de visado. Esto se debe a que Estados Unidos aplica el principio de reciprocidad y, si a un ciudadano estadounidense le cobran por una visa similar una cantidad superior a la que carga EEUU, entonces habr ese cargo adicional. Por ejemplo, por una visa H-1B para profesionales o modelos, un argentino pagar la cuota estndar d de $190 pero un brasileà ±o deber abonar a mayores otros $100. El Departamento de Estado en su pgina de internet publica un listado de la reciprocidad por paà ­ses. Se llama country reciprocity Schedule y para consultarlo basta con hacer click en seleccionar y buscar el paà ­s de la nacionalidad del solicitante de la visa (no su paà ­s de residencia). Esta lista de reciprocidad tambià ©n se utiliza para ver quà © paà ­ses tiene como plazos de validez de las visas un programa diferente al estndar. Asà ­, mientras que para los estudiantes cubanos la visa F-1 se concede por tres meses y sà ³lo una entrada a Estados Unidos, para los mexicanos la misma visa tiene un periodo de validez de 48 meses y posibilidad de mà ºltiples entradas a EEUU. Es muy importante tener claro que el plazo de validez de la visa es una cosa muy distinta al plazo mximo de estancia permitida. No se pueden confundir ya que las consecuencias son muy serias. Cà ³mo evitar problemas con las visas no inmigrantes Lo principal es seguir escrupulosamente las reglas de cada visa y abstenerse de hacer cosas que no estn permitidas. En el caso de las visas de turista, llamadas de placer o paseo en algunos paà ­ses, es muy importante saber que ingresar con demasiada frecuencia puede ser causa de problemas. Y en todas las visas mencionadas el quedarse ms tiempo del permitido va a dar lugar a su cancelacià ³n. Por lo que antes de tomar decisiones que parecen que no son serias es muy conveniente informarse debidamente.   Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

The Secret to Writing Great Headlines for News Stories

The Secret to Writing Great Headlines for News Stories Youve edited a news story for grammar, AP Style, content and so on, and are laying it out on the page, or about to upload it to your website. Now comes one of the most interesting, challenging and important parts of the editing process: writing a headline. Writing great headlines is an art. You can bang out the most interesting article ever written, but if it doesnt have an attention-grabbing headline, its likely to be passed over. Whether youre at a newspaper, news website, or blog, a great headline (or hed) will always get more eyeballs scanning your copy. A Challenging Endeavor The challenge is to write a head thats as compelling, catchy and detailed as possible, using as few words as possible. Headlines, after all, have to fit the space theyre given on the page. Headline size is determined by three parameters: the width, defined by the number of columns the hed will have; the depth, the meaning is the head one line or two (known by editors as a single deck or a double deck;) and the font size. Headlines can run anywhere from something small - say 18 point -Â  all the way up to banner front-page heds that can be 72 points or bigger. So if your head is designated as a 36 point three-column double-decker, you know it will be in a 36 point font, running across three columns and with two lines. Obviously, there are many different kinds of fonts; Times New Roman is one of the fonts most commonly used in newspapers, but thats something each individual paper or website decides on. So if youre assigned to write a five-column, two-line, 28 point double-deck hed, you know youre going to have a lot more room to work with that if youre given a two-column, one-line hed in a 36 point font. Whatever the length, the headline should be the best one possible within the space allotted. Unlike newspaper pages, stories on websites can, in theory at least, be much longer, since space is less of a consideration. No one wants to read a headline that goes on forever, and website headlines need to be just as catchy as ones in print. Indeed, headline writers for websites use Search Engine Optimization, or SEO, to try to get more people to view their content. Here are some headline-writing tips to follow: Be Accurate This is most important. A headline should entice readers but it shouldnt oversell or distort what the story is about. Always stay true to the spirit and meaning of the article. Keep It Short This seems obvious; headlines are by nature short. But when space limitations arent a consideration (as on a blog, for instance) writers sometimes get verbose with their heads. Shorter is better. Fill the Space If youre writing a headline to fill a specific space in a newspaper, avoid leaving too much empty space (what editors call white space) at the end of the head. Always fill the specified space as best you can. Dont Repeat the Lede The headline, like the lede, should focus on the main point of the story. But if the head and the lede are too similar the lede will become redundant. Try to use slightly different wording in the headline. Be Direct Headlines arent the place to be obscure; a direct, straightforward headline gets your point across more effectively. Use Active Voice Remember the Subject-Verb-Object formula from news writing? Thats also the best model for headlines. Start with your subject, write in the active voice, and your headline will convey more information using fewer words. Write in Present Tense Even if most news stories are written in the past tense, headlines should almost always use the present tense. Avoid Bad Breaks A bad break is when a hed with more than one line splits a prepositional phrase, an adjective, and noun, an adverb and verb, or a proper name. Example: Obama hosts WhiteHouse dinner Obviously, White House should not be split from the first line to the second. Heres a better way to do it: Obama hosts dinnerat the White House Make Your Headline Appropriate to the Story A humorous headline may work with a lighthearted story, but it most definitely wouldnt be appropriate for an article about someone being murdered. The tone of the headline should match the tone of the story. Know Where to Capitalize Always capitalize the first word of the headline and any proper names. Dont capitalize every word unless thats the style of your particular publication.

Freedom of speech and freedom of the press Research Paper

Freedom of speech and freedom of the press - Research Paper Example That kind of investigative journalism is correct and appropriate when supported with documents, interviews and other primary sources. However, it has been the scenario that journalist exaggerate such scandals tainting public image of those people involved. There is no proper investigation done or factual accuracy and relevance of the information to the society put into consideration. (Stephens, 2007) Media have epitomized the freedom of the press at the expense of national as well as global security. For example in many cases, media have used terrorism reports to attract audiences. There has been no consideration of the victims of terror attacks but as long as the information hit the headlines. The media have been used to meet the objectives of terrorists such as gaining publicity for their activities, frightening populations and gaining members (Kellner, 2014). In conclusion, use of sensitive or controversial information to attract large audiences has adverse effects to the society by reporting information which only make a considerable story or which can hit the headlines without regard of factual accuracy or social relevance. There is misinterpretation of exaggerated information and diversion of people’s attention from relevant issues of the society to insignificant

The Four Tops Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Four Tops - Essay Example They signed with Motown records in 1963 (Johnson 2). Even though, the four tops are best remembered for the records they produced at Motown in the Sixties, they also had noteworthy success at such places as Casablanca, ABC, and Arista in the decades that followed. Although the four tops began their career at Motown, they had a considerable prehistory before their arrival at the label Benson and Payton attended Detroit North High School While Fakir and Stubbs attended Pershing High School in the North end of Detroit. They first sang together at a friend’s birthday where they had met the four of them after graduating from high school; they formed the Four Aims in 1954 where they evolved into a versatile night club act. Payton had a talent of arranging harmonies, and he became the group musical director. His Cousin Roquel Davies also became closely affiliated with the group, and he provided management, material and even vocal assistance during the formative years of the group. Th e four tops recorded several classics in Motown, which remains the most outstanding singles during the label’s mid sixties. ... Four Tops made Billboard’s Hot 100 chart 45 times between 1964 and 1988 and fifty two times in R&B chart. Twenty-four of their singles managed the Top forty, and seven of those managed the Top ten. Throughout their career, they sang in close harmony and not even a single voice stood apart from the others. In 1962, the group was approached by Berry Gordy for a deal, but they failed to sign a deal with him since they said they wanted to be sure whether Gordy’s Independent Label would survive. Gordy described the group as very loyal to each other and their vocal blend as phenomenal. However, after two years, they signed a deal with Gordy and their first project was an album of show tunes named Breaking. At this point, the Four Top future seemed uncertain with failed singles on three labels and one unreleased album on a fourth label. Nonetheless, there followed a triumphant union with Holland-Dozier-Holland, which resulted to a hit, â€Å"Baby I Need Your Loving,† im mediately. It was decided that the Four Tops be reshaped from a close harmony group to one with lead vocalist (Levis) while Benson, Fakir and Payton provide background vocals, harmonies, and occasionally co-leads. In addition, it was resolved the need to emphasize Levis’ high range, where his croaky, anguished vocals most expressively communicated the passion of Eddie Holland’s lyrics The Four Tops Led in Mid-1965with ‘I cannot help Myself’ classic spotlighting the group. However, the climax of their work with Holland was ‘Reach Out I’ll Be There’ from its spectacular neoclassical arrangement to Levis thunderous vocal. It was one of their greatest recordings. It remained in the charts for almost four months, and it was their second number one hit (Jones 52). The fruitful union of

Financial Forecasting CheckPoint Essay Example for Free

Financial Forecasting CheckPoint Essay The reason type of companies such as brand new companies, family-owned companies, and long-standing companies would need a financial forecast is to develop projected financial statements; a series of pro forma. The information developed by a series of pro forma provide a sort of estimate on inventory, payables, receivables as well as what would be required for profit and borrowing. A projected financial statement provides a kind of advantage in any of the companies listed above as it gives the firm an insight on operations. A pro forma would help guide companies in deciding how to best operate and succeed. When starting a brand new company a financial forecast is essential. A financial forecast would help a brand new company decide on how much inventory would be needed, cost of start up and production, and how much capital is needed. Obtaining a financial forecast would also help guide a brand new company on how much profit the company can make, whether a bank loan would be needed to start up and how many individuals can be hired. Family-owned companies need financial forecast just as much as a brand new company. A family-owned company would need a financial forecast for obtaining information from the simplest of things like how much inventory is in stock, profit sharing, expected expenses and profit for the future. A family-owned company would need a financial forecast to also make good decisions on continuing a successful business, which department needs revamped or tweaked. It is essential for a family-owned company to obtain a financial forecast to also estimate whether sales income would be enough to cover expenses and whether cutbacks need to be made.

The Contributions of Catherine II (Catherine the Great), Empress of Rus

The Contributions of Catherine II (Catherine the Great), Empress of Russia Catherine II, or Catherine the Great, empress of Russia (1762-96), did much to transform Russia into a modern country. Originally named Sophie Fredericke Augusta, she was born in Stettin (now Szczecin, Poland), on May 2, 1729, the daughter of the German prince of Anhalt-Zerbst. At the age of 15 she went to Russia to become the wife of Peter, nephew and heir of Empress ELIZABETH. Elizabeth died on Dec. 25, 1761, and Catherine's husband succeeded as PETER III. The new ruler soon made himself unpopular, especially with certain army officers. Led by Aleksei ORLOV (whose brother Grigori was Catherine's lover), the officers staged a coup in June 1762. Peter was deposed (and subsequently murdered), and Catherine became absolute ruler of the largest European empire, whose language she never learned to speak correctly and without accent. At the age of 33, Catherine was not only a handsome woman (whose numerous love affairs dominate the popular accounts of her life), but also unusually well read and deeply involved in the cultural trends of her age. She was a tireless worker and knew how to select capable assistants--for example, Nikita PANIN in foreign affairs, Aleksandr SUVOROV in the military, and Grigory POTEMKIN in administration. Imbued with the ideas of the Enlightenment, Catherine aimed at completing the job started by Peter I-- westernizing Russia--but she had different methods. Unlike Peter, she did not forcibly conscript society into the service of the state, but rather encouraged individual initiative in pursuit of self-interest. She succeeded to a degree with the upper classes, but did nothing for the overwhelm... ...re of the Black Sea. The fertile lands of the Ukraine were also opened for settlement and soon became the granary of Europe. Catherine also participated in the partitions of Poland (1772, 1792, and 1795), bringing a large part of that country under Russian rule. By the time of Catherine's death (Nov. 17, 1796), modern Russian society was organized and its culture had struck firm roots. Russia was also playing a determining role in world affairs. Bibliography: Alexander, John T., Catherine the Great: Life and Legend (1989); Cronin, Vincent, Catherine, Empress of All the Russians (1978); Grey, Ian, Catherine the Great (1961; repr. 1975); Maroger, Dominique, ed., Memoirs of Catherine the Great, trans. by M. Budberg (1961); Oldenbourg, Zoe, Catherine the Great, trans. by Anne Carter (1965); Raeff, Marc, ed., Catherine the Great: A Profile (1972).

John Steinbeck’s Novella Of Mice and Men

Most people are familiar with the phrase â€Å"it's too good to be true†, dreams coming true is an example of this common misconception. In John Steinbeck's novella Of Mice and Men, he uses numerous applications of juxtaposition, symbolism, foreshadowing, and other literary devices to prove dreams are unlikely to always come true because even the best plans can fail. Steinbeck highlights numerous dream failures between different people through various applications of juxtaposition. In Chapter 5, Lennie talks about the dreams he hopes to achieve with George while Curley's wife talks about her theatrical aspirations. According to Curley's wife â€Å"I could go with that show. But my ‘old lady wouldn't let me if [I would have gone] I wouldn't be living like this, you bet† (86). Lennie replies, â€Å"We gonna have a little place-an' rabbits† (86). Lennie's and Curley's wife's dreams, lets the audience to see the similarities and foreshadows that Lennie and George dreaming of getting their place with the rabbits and Curley's Wife dreaming of becoming an actress would be done in vain. Chapter 5 highlights the struggle that Lennie experiences both emotionally and mentally he has a hard time controlling his strength throughout the novella. â€Å"I don't want to hurt you, but George will be mad if you yell. I've done a bad thing. I've done a very bad thing† (91). Lennie never intentionally tried to kill anyone, but he cannot control his strength. This leads to shattering his peace of mind, which soon can also shatter his dream of getting his own place with George. Steinbeck uses numerous applications of symbolism to represent rather than saying how and why dreams can fail. Chapter 1 reveals Lennie's dream is to gets a farm with rabbits, which helps reveal Lennie's innocence through indirect characterization. â€Å"isn't fit to lick the boots of no rabbit. You'd forget 'em and let 'em go hungry† (6). It seems that Lennie likes the rabbits, but unfortunately his strong affection will soon lead to his tragic downfall. The soft animals then symbolize innocence and its elimination in cruel world. The dead mouse in Lennie's pocket symbolizes his love and strength and foreshadows the fate of Curley's wife, Lennie's puppy, George and Lennie's dream and Lennie. â€Å"Jus' a dead mouse, George. I didn't kill it. Honest! I found it. I found it dead† (3). Mice represent a fantasy for Lennie. The title is a good hint that mice are significant in this situation, but the first mouse that we encounter is a dead one which foreshadows the future fate of George and Lennie's dream. Steinbeck uses numerous applications of foreshadowing to get the audience to visualize and predict future events pertaining to George's and Lennie's dream becoming a reality. â€Å"Just wanted to pet that girl's dress-just wanted to pet it like it was a mouse† (11). This situation reveals Lennie likes to feel soft objects, no matter what it is-doesn't realize if it's wrong or right. This foreshadows Lennie's death through examples of his innocence can lead to his unfortunate downfall because he doesn't understand the effects of his actions or learns from his mistakes. Likewise, Lennie's innocence can lead to the unfortunate downfall of his dream with George. Lennie says, â€Å"I never meant [any] harm† (32) later in the novella. Lennie never means any harm in anything he does which shows he will have trouble in the future, he did not mean to get in, the death of his pup and Curley's wife for example. John Steinbeck exemplifies the fact that even dreams planed out in advance can still fail. Dreams are always visions of what people want and to make those dreams reality one must work hard and do what it takes to accomplish what they want.

Inference Practice

Making an Inference Directions: Some of the questions following the passages ask you to make inferences from the passages. To infer means to arrive at a conclusion by reasoning from evidence. Synonyms for infer are deduce, judge, or conclude. If you are told to infer something from a passage, you are basically being asked what conclusions can be drawn from the content of the story. Tip: If you replace the word infer with conclude in a question, it may make more sense to you. In cities throughout the country, there is a new direction in local campaign coverage.Frequently in local elections, journalists are not giving voters enough information to understand the issues and evaluate the candidates. The local news media devotes too much time to scandal and not enough time to policy. 1. This paragraph best supports the statement that the local news media a. is not doing an adequate job when it comes to covering local campaigns. b. does not understand either campaign issues or politics. c. should learn how to cover politics by watching the national news media. d. has no interest in covering stories about local political events.The use of desktop computer equipment and software to create high-quality documents such as newsletters, business cards, letterhead, and brochures is called Desktop Publishing, or DTP. The most important part of any DTP project is planning. Before you begin, you should know your intended audience, the message you want to communicate, and what form your message will take. 2. The paragraph best supports the statement that e. Desktop Publishing is one way to become acquainted with a new business audience. f. computer software is continually being refined to produce high-quality printing. . the first stage of any proposed DTP project should be organization and design. h. the planning stage of any DTP project should include talking with the intended audience. The entire low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet argument is so prevalent that one would thin k that these are the only two options available for losing weight and staying healthy. Some experts even feel that the low-carb/low-fat debate distracts us from an even more important issue—our culture's reliance on processed and manufactured foods. 3. The paragraph best supports the statement that i. xperts state that not all fats are equal, so we need not reduce our intake of all fats; just those that contain partially hydrogenated oils. j. important health concerns get overlooked when we focus exclusively on the low-fat versus low-carb question. k. low-carbohydrate diets lead to significant and sustained weight loss. l. processed foods can lead to many adverse health problems including heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and obesity. Every year, Americans use over one billion sharp objects to administer healthcare in their homes. These sharp objects include lancets, needles, and syringes.If not disposed of in puncture-resistant containers, they can injure sanitation workers. Sharp objects should be disposed of in hard plastic or metal containers with secure lids. The containers should be clearly marked and be puncture resistant. 4. The paragraph best supports the idea that sanitation workers can be injured if they m. do not place sharp objects in puncture-resistant containers. n. come in contact with sharp objects that have not been placed in secure containers. o. are careless with sharp objects such as lancets, needles, and syringes in their homes. p. o not mark the containers they pick up with a warning that those containers contain sharp objects. Litigation is not always the only or best way to resolve conflicts. Mediation offers an alternative approach and it is one that can be quite efficient and successful. Mediation can be faster, less expensive, and can lead to creative solutions not always possible in a court of law. Additionally, mediation focuses on mutually acceptable solutions, rather than on winning or losing. 5. This paragraph best suppor ts the idea that q. there is too much reliance on litigation in our society. r. itigation is expensive, slow, and limited by its reliance on following the letter of the law. s. mediation is the best way to resolve a crisis. t. mediation can be an effective way to resolve conflicts. One of the missions of the Peace Corps is to help the people of interested countries meet their need for trained men and women. People who work for the Peace Corps do so because they want to, but to keep the agency dynamic with fresh ideas, no staff member can work for the agency for more than five years. 6. The paragraph best supports the statement that Peace Corps employees u. are highly intelligent people. . must train for about five years. w. are hired for a limited term of employment. x. have both academic and work experience. More and more office workers telecommute from offices in their own homes. The upside of telecommuting is both greater productivity and greater flexibility. Telecommuters produc e, on average, 20% more than if they were to work in an office, and their flexible schedule allows them to balance both their family and work responsibilities. 7. The paragraph best supports the statement that telecommuters y. get more work done in a given time period than workers who travel to the office. . produce a better quality work product than workers who travel to the office. {. are more flexible in their ideas than workers who travel to the office. |. would do 20% more work if they were to work in an office. Sushi, the thousand-year-old Japanese delicacy, started small in the United States, in a handful of restaurants in big cities. Today, sushi consumption in America is 50% greater than it was ten years ago and not just in restaurants. Sushi is also sold at concession stands in sports stadiums, university dining halls, and in supermarkets throughout the country. . This paragraph best supports the statement that }. sushi is now a fast food as popular as hot dogs, burgers, a nd fries. ~. more sushi is sold in restaurants than in supermarkets. . Americans are more adventurous eaters than they were in the past. . sushi wasn't always widely available in the United States. Today's shopping mall has as its antecedents historical marketplaces, such as Greek agoras, European piazzas, and Asian bazaars. The purpose of these sites, as with the shopping mall, is both economic and social.People not only go to buy and sell wares, but also to be seen, catch up on news, and be part of the human drama. 9. The paragraph best supports the statement that . modern Americans spend an average of 15 hours a month in shopping malls. . shopping malls serve an important purpose in our culture. . shopping malls have a social as well as commercial function. . there are historical antecedents for almost everything in contemporary society. Many animals hibernate during parts of the year, entering a state that is similar to a very deep sleep. But hibernation is more than simply a d eep sleep.The animal's body temperature drops well below its normal range, the animal does not wake up for a long period of time, and its metabolism slows to the point that the animal does not need to eat or relieve itself during that period. In order to prepare for hibernation, the animal must build up its body weight and increase its body fat. This is important, since the animal will be living off its own body fat during the months of hibernation. Of course, once the period of hibernation is over, the animal â€Å"wakes up† to find itself slim and trim once again! 10. How does an animal prepare for hibernation? . It exercises for two months. It gradually increases its sleeping habits. . It grows extra fur. . It eats more food than usual. 11. This passage best supports the statement that . all animals hibernate to some degree. . food is scarce in the winter. . hibernation is very different from normal sleep. . bears hibernate every year. Patrick Henry is considered one of th e great patriots of America's early history. He was a leader in every protest against British tyranny and in every movement for colonial rights, openly speaking against the unfair taxation and overly burdensome regulations imposed upon the American colonists by the British Parliament.In March 1775, Patrick Henry urged his fellow Virginians to arm themselves in self-defense. He spoke boldly in Richmond, Virginia, during the meeting of the state legislature. He closed that famous speech with the immortal words, â€Å"I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death. † 12. This passage best supports the statement that . Patrick Henry later became a governor of West Virginia. . the Virginia legislature was not listening to Henry's speech. . Patrick Henry was willing to lay down his life for his country. People in Colonial times faced harsh living conditions. 13. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this passage? . T he Speeches of Patrick Henry . Patrick Henry, American Patriot . Early American Patriots . History of the Virginia Legislature Ratatouille is a dish that has grown in popularity over the last few years. It features eggplant, zucchini, tomatoes, peppers, and garlic chopped, mixed, sauteed, and finally, cooked slowly over low heat. As the vegetables cook slowly, they make their own broth, which may be extended with a little tomato paste.The name ratatouille comes from the French word touiller, meaning to stir or mix together. 14. Which of the following is the correct order of steps for making ratatouille? . chop vegetables, add tomato paste, stir or mix together . mix the vegetables together, saute them, and add tomato paste . cook the vegetables slowly, mix them together, add tomato paste . add tomato paste to extend the broth and cook slowly overlow heat 15. Ratatouille can best be described as a . French pastry. . sauce to put over vegetables. . pasta dish extended with tomato past e. vegetable stew. The competitive civil-service system is designed to give candidates fair and equal treatment and to ensure that federal applicants are hired based on objective criteria. Hiring has to be based solely on a candidate's knowledge, skills, and abilities (which you'll sometimes see abbreviated as ksa), and not on external factors such as race, religion, sex, and so on. Whereas employers in the private sector can hire employees for subjective reasons, federal employers must be able to justify their decision with objective evidence that the candidate is qualified. 6. The paragraph best supports the statement that . hiring in the private sector is inherently unfair. . ksa is not as important as test scores to federal employers. . federal hiring practices are simpler than those employed by the private sector. . the civil service strives to hire on the basis of a candidate's abilities. 17. The federal government's practice of hiring on the basis of ksa frequently results in the hiring of employees . based on race, religion, sex, and so forth. . who are unqualified for the job. . who are qualified for the job. on the basis of subjective judgment. It is well known that the world urgently needs adequate distribution of food, so that everyone gets enough. Adequate distribution of medicine is just as urgent. Medical expertise and medical supplies need to be redistributed throughout the world so that people in emerging nations will have proper medical care. 18. This paragraph best supports the statement that . the majority of the people in the world have no medical care. . medical resources in emerging nations have diminished in the past few years. not enough doctors give time and money to those in need of medical care. . many people who live in emerging nations are not receiving proper medical care. Knitting has made a major comeback. People are knitting on college campuses, in coffee shops, and in small knitting groups throughout the United States. New kn itting stores, many with cafes, are popping up all over, and there are more knitting books and magazines being published than ever before. And not all of these knitters are women: As knitting continues to surge in popularity, men are picking up knitting needles in record numbers. 9. The paragraph best supports the statement that . joining a knitting group is a great way to make new friends. . some people knit because it helps them relax and release stress. . today's knitter is not the stereotypical grandmother in a rocking chair. . as is the case with all fads, this new obsession with knitting will fade quickly. Everyone is sensitive to extreme weather conditions. But with age, the body may become less able to respond to long exposure to very hot or very cold temperatures. Some older people might develop hypothermia when exposed to cold weather.Hypothermia is a drop in internal body temperature, which can be fatal if not detected and treated. 20. The paragraph best supports the stat ement that . cold weather is more dangerous for older people than warm weather. . hypothermia is a condition that only affects older people. . older people who live in warm climates are healthier than older people who live in cold climates. . an older person is more susceptible to hypothermia than a younger person. Whether you can accomplish a specific goal or meet a specific deadline depends first on how much time you need to get the job done.What should you do when the demands of the job exceed the time you have available? The best approach is to divide the project into smaller pieces. Different goals will have to be divided in different ways, but one seemingly unrealistic goal can often be accomplished by working on several smaller, more reasonable goals. 21. The main idea of the passage is that . jobs often remain only partially completed because of lack of time. . the best way to complete projects is to make sure your goals are achievable. . the best way to tackle a large proje ct is to separate it into smaller parts. the best approach to a demanding job is to delegate responsibility. Health clubs have undergone a major transformation that can be described in three words: mind, body, and spirit. Loud, fast, heartt-humping aerobics has been replaced by the hushed tones of yoga and the controlled movements of Pilates. The clubs are responding to the needs of their customers who are increasingly looking for a retreat from their hectic lifestyles and a way to find a healthy balance in their lives by nurturing their whole selves. 22. The main idea of the paragraph is that exercise is less important now than it once was. . health clubs are much less popular now than they were ten years ago. . many health clubs will go out of business because of the decline in traditional exercise. . people's desire to nurture all aspects of themselves has contributed to big changes for health clubs. For most judges, sentencing a person who has been convicted of a crime is a diff icult decision. In the majority of jurisdictions throughout the country, judges have few sentencing options from which to choose. Generally, their options are confined to a fine, probation, or incarceration.Crimes, however, cover a wide spectrum of criminal behavior and motivation, and a wide variety of sanctions should be available. 23. The main idea of the paragraph is that . there should be laws that dictate which sentence a judge should hand down. . someone other than a judge should be allowed to sentence a criminal. . judges should be given more sentencing options from which to choose. . more money should be spent on the criminal justice system. Before you begin to compose a business letter, sit down and think about your purpose in writing the letter.Do you want to request information, order a product, register a complaint, or apply for something? Do some brainstorming and gather information before you begin writing. Always keep your objective in mind. 24. The main idea of the passage is that . planning is an important part of writing a business letter. . business letters are frequently complaint letters. . brainstorming and writing take approximately equal amounts of time. . many people fail to plan ahead when they are writing a business letter. Keeping busy at important tasks is much more motivating than having too little to do.Today's employees are not afraid of responsibility. Most people are willing to take on extra responsibility in order to have more variety in their positions. In addition, along with that responsibility should come more authority to independently carry out some important tasks. 25. The main idea of the paragraph is that . variety and independence on the job increase employee motivation. . to avoid boredom, many people do more work than their jobs require of them. . today's employees are demanding more independence than ever before. . office jobs in the past have carried less responsibility.Managing job and family is not simple. Bo th commitments make strong demands on people and are sometimes in direct opposition to each other. Saying yes to one means saying no to the other, and stress can often result. Being realistic and creating a balance in life can help set priorities. 26. The main idea of the paragraph is that . most family responsibilities cause stress at home and at work. . because it pays the bills, a job must take priority over other commitments. . it is important to have a balance between job and family responsibilities. because they are so important, family duties must take priority over the job. Women business owners are critically important to the American economy, yet women still face unique obstacles in the business world. The U. S. Small Business Administration offers a variety of programs and services to help women-owned businesses succeed and to advocate for women entrepreneurs. 27. This paragraph best supports the statement that women business owners . have more success in the United State s than in other countries. . cannot succeed without outside help. . may find the Small Business Administration a useful resource. should not make any major decisions without seeking the advice of the Small Business Administration. Passages in this section can have one to six questions following. You must respond accordingly. Use of electronic mail (e-mail) has been widespread for more than a decade. E-mail simplifies the flow of ideas, connects people from distant offices, eliminates the need for meetings, and often boosts productivity. However, e-mail should be carefully managed to avoid unclear and inappropriate communication. E-mail messages should be concise and limited to one topic.When complex issues need to be addressed, phone calls are still best. 28. The main idea of the paragraph is that e-mail . is not always the easiest way to connect people from distant offices. . has changed considerably since it first began a decade ago. . causes people to be unproductive when it is u sed incorrectly. . is effective for certain kinds of messages but only if managed wisely. 29. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage? . Appropriate Use of E-Mail . E-Mail's Popularity . E-Mail: The Ideal Form of Communication . Why Phone Calls Are Better Than E-MailNative American art often incorporates a language of abstract visual symbols. The artist gives a poetic message to the viewer, communicating the beauty of an idea, either by using religious symbols or a design from nature such as rain on leaves or sunshine on water. The idea communicated may even be purely whimsical, in which case the artist might start out with symbols developed from a bird's tracks or a child's toy. 30. The main idea of the passage is that Native American art . is purely poetic and dreamlike. . is usually abstract, although it can also be poetic and beautiful. communicates the beauty of ideas through the use of symbols. . is sometimes purely whimsical. Answers 1. a. C hoice d may seem attractive at first, but the passage simply says that the local media does not adequately cover local politics—it doesn't discuss the reason for their neglect. 2. c. Sentence 3 indicates the importance of organization and design. The other choices, even if true, are not in the passage. 3. b. Both sentences in this passage support the idea that the emphasis on the low-carb/low-fat debate is misleading and might distract us from other important ideas.The other choices are not supported by or developed in this passage. 4. b. The other choices are wrong because the passage is not concerned with how sanitation workers should deal with sharp objects but with how everyone should dispose of sharp objects in order to avoid hurting sanitation workers. 5. d. See the second sentence of the passage. Choices a and b are not in the passage. Choice c might seem attractive, but the passage does not say that mediation is the best way to resolve a conflict, simply that it is an alternative way that might prove effective. 6. c. See the final sentence of the passage.The other choices might be true but are not in the passage. 7. a. The second sentence speaks of the greater productivity of telecommuters. The other choices may seem attractive on the surface because they contain words and phrases from the passage, but a closer look will show them to be incorrect or absent from the passage. 8. d. The first sentence indicates that sushi was once available only in a handful of eating establishments. 9. c. Choice b may seem attractive at first, but the passage doesn't offer the opinion that the purpose of the shopping mall is important, it simply tells us what the purposes are. 0. d. The second paragraph states that an animal prepares for hibernation by increasing its body weight and fat. The reader can infer from this that the animal eats more food than usual. 11. c. The passage states that hibernation is â€Å"more than simply a deep sleep,† then lists sev eral ways that hibernation differs from sleep. The other choices are not addressed in the passage. 12. c. Patrick Henry's famous words, â€Å"Give me liberty or give me death,† indicate that he was willing to fight for his nation's freedom—even if it cost him his life. The other choices are not addressed in the passage. 3. b. The passage is about Patrick Henry, and focuses on his patriotic activities. No other patriot is mentioned, nor is information given about his other speeches or about the Virginia legislature. 14. b. See the second and third sentences for the steps in making ratatouille. Only choice b reflects the correct order. 15. d. The main part of the passage describes how to cook vegetables. Only choice d indicates that vegetables are included in the dish. The other choices are not reflected in the passage. 16. d. See the final sentence of the passage. 17. c.See the second sentence, which defines ksa. The other choices are refuted in the passage. 18. d. This answer is implied by the statement that redistribution is needed so that people in emerging nations can have proper medical care. Choices a, b, and c are not mentioned in the passage. 19. c. This choice is the best answer because the paragraph indicates that the new knitters are of varying ages and are not just women. Choices a and b may be true, but they are not supported by the paragraph. Choice d is a prediction that is not made in the paragraph. 20. d.The paragraph specifically states that age makes a person less able to respond to long exposure to very hot or very cold temperatures. This would mean that older people are more susceptible to hypothermia. Choices a, b, and c are not supported by the information given in the paragraph. 21. c. The third sentence is the main idea. It is a general idea that answers the only question posed in the passage. The other choices are not in the passage. 22. d. The passage states that health clubs have undergone a major transformation due to people's interest in taking care of their minds, bodies, and spirits.Choice a is incorrect because the paragraph doesn't say exercise is less important. It simply says the focus and type of exercise have changed. Choices b and c are not supported by the paragraph. 23. c. This choice is closely related to all three sentences of the passage. Choice a is contradicted in the passage. Choices b and d are not in the passage. 24. a. The entire passage relates to this idea. The other ideas are not reflected in the passage. 25. a. This is the main idea of the passage because all the sentences relate to it.The other choices may be true but are not reflected in the passage. 26. c. This idea is expressed in the final sentence and wraps up the passage, speaking of the importance of creating a balance. The other choices are not in the passage. 27. c. The support for choice c is given in the second sentence. No support is given for choices a and d. Choice b is incorrect because the paragraph state s that women business owners face unique obstacles, but it does not say that they absolutely require outside help to succeed, just that it is available. 8. d. This choice encompasses the main information in the passage. Choices a, b, and c are not mentioned. 29. a. The title should express the main idea of the passage. The passage, as a whole, focuses on appropriate and inappropriate uses of e-mail. The other choices address more specific ideas expressed in the passage but are not its main idea. 30. c. The first and second sentences reflect this idea. The passage does not say that Native American art is dreamlike (choice a). Choices b and d are too limited to be main ideas.

What Were You Doing ESL Beginner Dialogue

What Were You Doing ESL Beginner Dialogue This dialogue focuses on the use of the both the past continuous and past simple. The past continuous is used to speak about actions that were interrupted in the past such as: I was watching TV when you telephoned. Practice the dialogue with your partner and then practice the use of these two forms on your own beginning with the question What ​where you doing when past simple.   English Dialogue Practice: What Were You Doing? Betsy: I telephoned you yesterday afternoon but you didnt answer? Where were you? Brian: I was in another room when you called. I didnt hear the phone ringing until it was too late. Betsy: What were you working on?​ Brian: I was photocopying a report that I needed to send to a client. What were you doing when you telephoned? Betsy: I was looking for Tom and couldnt find him. Do you know where he was? Brian: Tom was driving to a meeting. Betsy: Oh, I see. What did you do yesterday? Brian: I met the representatives from Drivers in the morning. In the afternoon, I worked on the report and was just finishing when you telephoned. What did you do Betsy: Well, at 9 I had a meeting with Ms. Anderson. After that, I did some research.​ Brian: Sounds like a boring day! Betsy: Yes, I dont really like doing research. But it needs to be done. Brian: I agree with you on that- no research,no business! Betsy: Tell me about the report. What do you think of it? Brian: I think the report is a good. Tom believes its good, too. Betsy: I know that every report you write is excellent. Brian: Thank you Betsy, you are always a good friend!

Stone Boiling is an Ancient Cooking Method

Stone Boiling is an Ancient Cooking Method Stone boiling is an ancient cooking technique to heat food with directly exposing it to flame, reducing the likelihood of burning, and allowing the construction of stews and soups. The old story about Stone Soup, in which a glorious stew is created by placing stones in hot water and inviting guests to contribute vegetables and bones, may have its roots in ancient stone-boiling.   How to Boil Stones Stone boiling involves placing stones into or next to a hearth or other heat source until the stones are hot. Once they have achieved an optimal temperature, the stones are quickly placed into a ceramic pot, lined basket or other vessel holding water or liquid or semi-liquid food. The hot stones then transfer the heat to the food. To maintain a continued boiling or simmering temperature, the cook simply adds more, carefully timed, heated rocks. Boiling stones typically range in size between large cobbles and small boulders, and should be of a type of stone that is resistant to flaking and splintering when heated. The technology involves a considerable amount of labor, including finding and carrying an adequate number of appropriately sized stones and building a large enough fire to transfer sufficient heat to the stones. Invention Direct evidence for using stones to heat liquid is a little hard to come by: hearths by definition generally have rocks in them (called generally fire-cracked rock), and identifying whether the stones have been used to heat liquid is difficult at best. The earliest evidence that scholars have suggested for the use of fire dates to ~790,000 years ago, and clear evidence for soup making is not present at such sites: it is possible, perhaps likely, that fire was first used to provide warmth and light, rather than cooking. The first true, purpose-built hearths associated with cooked food date to the Middle Paleolithic (ca. 125,000 years ago). And the earliest example of hearths filled with heat-fractured round river cobbles come from the Upper Paleolithic site of Abri Pataud in the Dordogne valley of France, about 32,000 years ago. Whether those cobbles were used to cook with is probably speculation, but definitely a possibility. According to a comparative ethnography study conducted by American anthropologist Kit Nelson, stone boiling is used most frequently by people who live ​in the temperate zones on earth, between 41 and 68 degrees latitude. All kinds of cooking methods are familiar to most people, but in general, tropical cultures more often use roasting or steaming; arctic cultures rely on direct-fire heating; and in the boreal mid-latitudes, stone boiling is most common. Why Boil Stones? American archaeologist Alston Thoms has argued that people use stone boiling when they dont have access to easily cooked foods, such as lean meat that can be direct-cooked over a flame. He indicates support for this argument by showing that the first North American hunter-gatherers didnt use stone boiling intensively until about 4,000 years  ago when agriculture became a dominant subsistence strategy. Stone boiling might be considered evidence of the invention of stews or soups. Pottery made that possible. Nelson points out that stone boiling requires a container and a stored liquid; stone boiling involves the process of heating liquids without the dangers of burning a basket or the contents of a bowl by direct exposure to fire. And, domestic grains such as maize in North America and millet elsewhere require more processing, in general, to be edible. Any connection between boiling stones and the ancient story called Stone Soup is sheer speculation. The story involves a stranger coming to a village, building a hearth and placing a pot of water over it. She puts in stones and invites others to taste the stone soup. The stranger invites others to add an ingredient, and pretty soon, Stone Soup is a collaborative meal full of tasty things. The Benefits of Limestone Cookery A recent experimental study based on assumptions about American southwestern Basketmaker II (200–400 CE) stone boiling used local limestone rocks as heating elements in baskets to cook maize. Basketmaker societies did not have pottery containers until after the introduction of beans: but corn was an important part of the diet, and hot stone cookery is believed to have been the primary method of preparing maize. U.S. archaeologist Emily Ellwood and colleagues adding heated limestone to water, raising the pH of ​the  water to 11.4–11.6 at temperatures between 300–600 degrees centigrade, and higher yet over longer periods and at higher temperatures. When historical varieties of maize were cooked in the water, chemical lime leached from the stones broke down the corn and increased the availability of digestible proteins. Identifying Stone Boiling Tools Hearths at many prehistoric archaeological sites have a preponderance of fire-cracked rock, and establishing evidence that some were used in stone boiling has been tested by American archaeologist Fernanda Neubauer. Her experiments found that the most common fracture on stone boiled rocks are contraction-fractures, which exhibit irregular crenulated, wavy, or jagged cracks on the breakage faces and a rough and undulating interior surface. She also found that repeated heating and cooling eventually fractures the cobbles into pieces too small to use depending on the raw material and that the repetition also can cause fine crazing of the rock surfaces. Evidence such as that described by Neubauer has been found in Spain and China by about 12,000–15,000 years ago, suggesting the technique was well known by the end of the last Ice Age. Selected Sources Ellwood, Emily C., et al. Stone-Boiling Maize with Limestone: Experimental Results and Implications for Nutrition among SE Utah Preceramic Groups. Journal of Archaeological Science 40.1 (2013): 35-44. Print.Gao, Xing, et al. The Discovery of Late Paleolithic Boiling Stones at SDG 12, North China. Quaternary International 347 (2014): 91-96. Print.Nakazawa, Yuichi, et al. On Stone-Boiling Technology in the Upper Paleolithic: Behavioral Implications from an Early Magdalenian Hearth in El Mirà ³n Cave, Cantabria, Spain. Journal of Archaeological Science 36.3 (2009): 684-93. Print.Nelson, Kit. Environment, Cooking Strategies and Containers. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 29.2 (2010): 238-47. Print.Neubauer, Fernanda. Use-Alteration Analysis of Fire-Cracked Rocks. American Antiquity 83.4 (2018): 681-700. Print.Short, Laura, et al. Facile Residue Analysis of Recent and Prehistoric Cook Stones Using Handheld Raman Spectrometry. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 46.1 (2015): 126-32. Prin t. Thoms, Alston V. Rocks of Ages: Propagation of Hot-Rock Cookery in Western North America. Journal of Archaeological Science 36.3 (2009): 573-91. Print.

How the religion help maya to fight for gender equality in society in Essay

How the religion help maya to fight for gender equality in society in america - Essay Example It must contribute to love and understanding amongst the humankind and between different races. Religious teachings made her appreciate the beauty and goodness of things. She shaped into an idealistic individual, happy always, notwithstanding the adverse circumstances the black community was placed in. She took it as a challenge. Maya belonged to the black race and the appearance of members of the black race, was not good. On these counts, they were always subject to prejudice. To overcome this problem Maya built her self-esteem and religious teachings were a great solace to her in situations over she had no control. But she challenged the vicissitudes of life ably. She had to endure the worst experience a young girl can think of—being raped! Though this incident put a lot of limitations on her behavior, religion provided her the strength to endure the ultimate humiliation. How religion has indirect influences, on the psyche of the black people? Black people feel better about their inferiority and think that it is the God-given gift to them. They conclude that they are more loved by God. How they challenge their difficulties that try to corner them from all ends! This self-righteousness based on the foundation of religious principles provided lots of internal strength to Maya. The portrayal of her life has been hailed as the biblical study in life in the midst of death. Notwithstanding her dastardly experience of rape, she maintained a luminous dignity about her life and such poise is possible for in individual with strong religious/spiritual beliefs. She has a comprehensive sense of life, again a quality of a doted and spiritual human being. The theme of the book is the quest for the black child seeking love by the adult, which normally are the parents. But destiny denied that part of love to Maya, being separated from her parents. The

Multimedia in the school curriculum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Multimedia in the school curriculum - Essay Example So if applied properly, the multimedia can give wide range of utility in various fields including the curriculum in school. The children can acquire a lot of awareness and fascinating experience when provided with the benefit of multimedia in their learning of their subjects. The learning process of children should always be attention-grabbing, otherwise they will get uninterested and their mind will be block to the process of learning. Their capacity to acquire the new thing will decrease. The mixing of audio and visual together is the solution for the purpose, though not new. The black boards, charts, maps etc. along with lecture in the class room is the old fashioned mixing of audio and visuals to give effective learning. This concept is used in multimedia with invent of the computers in recent decades to provide better aid to the process of learning. Slack (1999) has find out that â€Å"students are seen to be more motivated when using multimedia† increasing their curiosity level extremely elevated. With the use of multimedia the interest level of not only the students but also the teacher gets accelerated. â€Å"Teachers have also suggested that they regard students as learning co-operatively when multimedia is used (Slack 1999).† When teachers along with the students get motivated the outcome of the teaching and learning is a great result. But such enormous advantage is not adeptly used in teaching process. Research seems to suggest that there has been little primary research into issues concerning the use of multimedia technologies in schools over the transition from primary (elementary) to secondary schools (STOA 1997). Concerning the learning process of children the need is to provide extensive research in the field to find out the methods and to study the feasibility of implementation of multimedia in each and every possible field of teaching and learning. â€Å"Portuguese PEDACTICE teachers are working with researchers to develop strategies

Conflict in the Central African republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Conflict in the Central African republic - Essay Example The number of people that need humanitarian assistance on immediate basis exceeds 2.5 million (â€Å"United Nations†). Innocent civilians are losing their lives in this conflict. Rather than being collateral damage as a result of rebel groups’ fighting, these civilians are being purposefully killed because of their religious or community associations and for their identities. While the ex-Seleka victimize Christians, people that are the most vulnerable are the Muslims. More than a million people in the country have been displaced and the homes of many of them have been burned to deter them from returning (â€Å"United Nations†). What is setting in is a de facto partition of the CAR between the Muslim and the Christian population. This separation is setting the stage for conflict that might continue for generations. Capital of the Central African Republic, Bangui, has a long history of lack of reliability of its public utilities. But since December, the Red Cross has been rendering its services to collect human bodies intact or chopped up. There exists a divide of two neighborhoods in the Avenue de France. Most of the dead bodies belong to people who have strayed too far in the wrong direction. Foot traffic is not allowed on the road so people do not have to bury the dead bodies and instead leave them to rot in the sun. The neighborhood toward the north of the line is occupied almost exclusively by the Christians as a result of massive killing or exile of the Muslims from the region.

The Fear Of Terrorism Criminology Essay

The Fear Of Terrorism Criminology Essay Fear is an alarming emotion that is aroused by any danger or perceived threat. It is an emotion that helps us survive occurring in response to a specific stimulus, such as pain or the threat of danger. Terrorism is the use of violence to create fear for a political or ideological goal. The fear that terrorism has on people escalated highly after in-voluntary terrorist attacks around the world. The effect being that it creates a fear of danger in peoples minds affecting them highly in everyday life. The effect of terrorism varies among people; most have a multivariate aggression of worry and avoidance, including demographic factors, estimated color-coded alert levels, and daily activities. Much of the effect of terrorism comes from different types of demographic factors. The effects of these demographic factors correlate into the psychological minds of people to determine an arousing fear from such various activities. Recent studies show that before and after terrorist attacks on September 11th, 2001 have raised fear on peoples minds of an on-coming terrorist attack. The events of September 11, 2001, influenced well-being and security beyond the regions directly attacked (Tseng others 168-174). Many people throughout the United States felt they were at risk from terrorism. Risk perceptions, along with antiterrorism program, laws, and policies affected Americans lifestyles and behaviors. In the months following the attacks, 40% to 50% of US adults still feared for their safety (Silver RC others 1235-1244) and 11% reported changed behaviors such as avoiding public gatherings (Blendon RJ, Benson JM survey). Risk perception theories and research posit that individuals assess risks based on a balance of many factors, including the probability of a hazard or risk personally affecting them, the severity of the personal consequences from risk exposure, feelings of personal control, the perceived inequality of risk distribution across society, and trust in institutions managing risks (Gilk others 168-174). For instance, a national survey conducted 2 months after the attacks of September 11 found that the distance between ones home and the World Trade Center was inversely correlated with perceptions of terrorism risk among non-Hispanic Whites (Solvic P, Fischhoff B, 14-20). By contrast, Latinos and African Americans judgments of future terror risks were not affected by how far they lived from New York City (Fischoff B, Gonzalez RM, 137-151). The Homeland Security Advisory System (HSAS) is a post-September 11 program that may influence risk perceptions and avoidant behavior although that is not its intended purpose (Long others 164-174). The HSAS announces the Department of Homeland Securitys assessed risk of a terrorist attack on the United States via a color coded threat level and disseminates information regarding that levels risk to public safety officials and the general public (Asch others 164-174). The HSAS has 5 color-coded conditions: green, blue, yellow, orange, and red corresponding to threat levels of low, guarded, elevated, high, and severe, respectively (Long others 164-174). At each level are recommended actions for the public and government agencies to implement to reduce the likelihood or impact of an attack (US Department of Homeland Security). The value of the HSAS is debated, considering its adverse effects on well-being cause by unnecessarily raising fears and anxieties (Aguirre 103-115). The estimation of personal risk and vulnerability to terrorism may act as a key motivator to behavioral adaptations, including avoidance of usual activities or increased adoption of protective behaviors (Lindell 461-501). Those who believe they are particularly vulnerable to a risk may be motivated to perform risk reduction. Studies document that vulnerable populations, such as chronically ill, the physically disabled, non white racial/ ethnic minorities, and immigrants, bear a disproportionate burden of harm from natural disasters (Fothergill 156-173) and that there are racial/ ethnic differences in perceived risks of natural disasters (Fothergill 156-173). Similarly, research finds specifically that African Americans and Latinos perceive they are at greater risk from terrorism than do non-Latino whites (Boscarino 505-513). A survey conducted less than a year after September 11, 2001, reported that African Americans were most likely to limit their outside activities and change their mode of transportation in response to fears of terrorism (Torabi 179-192). Also a national survey found that persons with disabilities were more anxious about their personal risk from terrorism than were persons without disabilities, even when equally prepared (Harris Interactive Inc.). Another study reported that persons who increased their disaster preparations in response to the possibility of terrorist attacks included African Americans, Latinos, Persons with disabilities or household dependents, and non US-born populations (Eiseman 1-6). As with health and disasters generally, these populations may experience disparities in the effects of terrorism and terrorism policies including their risk perceptions and avoidant behavior (Long others 164-174). An Israeli survey found that large social groups, including women, had adapted their daily behaviors to minimize the impact of terrorism risks (Kirschenbaum 1-33). As studies continue to document the long-term and indirect health effects of September 11 attacks, it remains important to understand how long these risk perceptions and behavioral effects have lasted and who have been most affected (Asch others 164-174). Fear the distressing emotion that is aroused by danger and pain has been shown in terrorism highly. Many people are shown with adverse effects of this daily and must cope with it in their own difficult ways. The fear of terrorism has been escalated highly to a standpoint of psychological and physical pain. The effect of terrorism varies among people; most have a multivariate aggression of worry and avoidance, including demographic factors, estimated color-coded alert levels, and daily activities. The fear of terrorism affects everyone in their own ways. Work Citied Eisenman, David P., Gilk, Deborah, Ong, Michael, Zhou, Qiong, Tseng, Chi-Hong, Long, Anna, Fielding, Jonathan, Asch Steven. Terrorism- Related Fear and Avoidance Behavior in a Multiethnic Urban Population. American Journal of Public Health, Jan 2009, Vol.99 Issue 1, P168-174. Silver RC, Holman EA McIntosh DN, Poulin M, Gil-Rivas V. Nationwide longitudinal study of psychological responses to September 11. JAMA. 2002;288: 1235-1244. Blendon RJ, Benson JM. Harvard School of Public Health/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Survey Project on Americans Response to Biological Terrorism. Boston, MA: Harvard School of Public Health; 2001. Slovic P, Fischhoff B, Lichtenstein S. Rating the risks. Environment. 1979; 14-20. Fischhoff B, Gonzalez RM, Small DA lerner JS. Judged terror risk and proximity to the World Trade Center. J Risk Uncertain. 2003;26:137-151 US Department of Homeland Security. Homeland Security Advisory System: Current Threat Level. April 1, 2008. Aguirre BE. Homeland Security warnings: Lessons learned and unlearned. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters. 2004;22:103-115. Lindell MK, Perry RW. Household adjustment to earthquake hazard: a review of the research. Environ behav. 2000;32:461-501. Fothergill A Maestas E, Darlington J. Race, ethnicity and disasters in the United States: a review of the literature. Disasters. 1999;23:156-173. Boscarino JA, Adams RE, Figley CR, Galea S, Foa EB. Fear of Terrorism and preparedness in New York City 2 years after the attacks: Implications for disaster planning and research. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2006;12:505-513. Torabi MR, Seo DC. National study of behavioral and life changes since September 11. Health Educ Behav. 2004;31:179-192. Eiseman DP, Wold C, Fielding J, et al. Differences in individual-level terrorism preparedness in Los Angels County. Am J Prev Med 2006;30:1-6. Kirschenbaum A. Terror, Adaptation and preparedness a trilogy for survival. J Homeland Secur Emerg Manage. 2006;3:1-33.

Affirmitive Action in California :: essays research papers

Affirmative Action in California   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative action has been the subject of increasing debate and tension in our society. Affirmative action has divided political parties, communities and campuses across the nation. The basis behind affirmative action is that because of past discrimination and oppression, such as the unequal treatment of women, and the enslavement of African Americans, minorities and women have difficulty competing with their white male counterparts. Tax breaks for home buyers may not be wrong but what is wrong are those who take advantage of all kinds of breaks for themselves while denying affirmative action for the most oppressed of society. The government runs many programs to increase opportunities for various groups including women, racial and ethnic minority groups. Affirmative action is necessary to ensure the recruitment and employment of women, minorities, people with disabilities, and Vietnam veterans. Affirmative action is a term, which refers to a variety of efforts u sed by employers and educational institutions to overcome past and continuing discrimination in order to allow qualified women and minorities to compete equally for jobs, education, and promotional opportunities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When talking about affirmative action, there is a common misconception between meeting quota and satisfying goals. A quota is a number that must be achieved. Consequently, if a company fails to show it has made an effort toward following this quota the company can be fined. This is every different from an affirmative action goal. A goal is a flexible percentage, which is established by the company to achieve a diverse workforce. The percentage is based on the availability of minorities and females in the area. One of the goals is to make sure that many people are made aware of job openings as possible to ensure that the applicant pool is reflective of the number of people, who are qualified. To accomplish this, employers place advertisements in different types of journals, including journals for women and minorities. Goals and timetables encourage the hiring of members of women and minority groups. Before affirmative action, companies did not post their jobs on bu lletin boards. Somebody just happened to know someone who needed a job and the job was filled. That person was not always the best-qualified person for the job. How can a company possibly tell if it is hiring the best people if they only consider a small portion of the population? One cannot assume that all the white males out there are naturally qualified and all the minorities and women are given breaks because they could not possibly be qualified.

Perkins Component Company

What type of power does Jerry Taylor have, if any, in this situation? What would you recommend Jerry do at the end of this case, and why? First of all, it is really important to have a good understanding of the organizational realities and power dynamics in the Perkins Components organisation to be able to evaluate Jerry Taylor’s position in it. By identifying the different power sources available in the organization, we can obtain the following â€Å"power map†: As we can see in the â€Å"map† above, Jerry Taylor’s formal power (through his status) in the organisation is not very important; but his â€Å"collaboration network† within his department and outside with the engineering department puts him a particular position. He seems to be the only one with the necessary authority and connections to be able to make the collaboration between the two departments in the company happen. Thus, his network gives a certain power. At the end of the case, we can see that the situation as become very difficult to handle with Frank getting very upset, and for good reason! The most important for Jerry Taylor is to maintain this situation under control. In order to do so, he can’t let Frank leave his office like this. Since it’s the manufacturing department which Jerry Taylor belongs to that is in the wrong, it is Jerry’s duty to accept responsibility for Tom Darrow’s decision not to get a TA from the engineering department and present the manufacturing department apologies (represented by him) to the engineering department (represented by Frank). If manufacturing does not accept and recognize that it was his fault, the two departments won’t collaborate anymore in the future which would result in a disaster for the company! Moreover, when making a change in the company organisation, it is very important to implement guidelines and rules and stick to them. In this case, it had been made clear that a TA should be asked from engineering when a change in plan wanted to be done, and Tom Darrow deliberately did not respect this rule. To make it up to engineering and show them that they can work together with the manufacturing people, Jerry Taylor needs to show them that manufacturing is respecting the rules. Thus, he needs to get someone from his department to ask for a TA, Tom Darrow would normally be the one in charge but he did not do it. Therefore, he should ask Ralph since as a machine shop foreman, he is responsible for following the procedure as stated.

A Class Without A Teacher Essay

One of the most awaited moment in school life- Absence of a teacher in class. This is the time when a classroom can change into a parliament, jungle, market or even a mix of everything! Gossip, food, naughtiness, laughter and craziness overrule books, law, discipline and silence. The most perfect time to relax and enjoy and exercise our right to freedom of everything we can think of. Beings students, our prime motive is to break rules, have fun and cherish the good memories rather than crying over bad times, abiding school rules, stay numb and work like robots. Once a teacher enters the classroom, we find silence at its perfectness and everyone is busy with their assigned work. But after all, students are students and once the teacher leaves, shall their true identities be revealed. Teaching by video conferencing makes a classroom without physical presence of teacher. This kind of advancement in teaching slowly minimizes the personal care and interactive nature of teacher. Now, we’re focused on giving teachers the support they need to excel in the classroom. That support should come in many forms, including individualized professional development, cutting-edge educational technology and state-of-the-art lesson plans. One of the things I hear most often when I talk to teachers is that they’re eager for more chances to work together, to learn from each other. New teachers want regular access to colleagues with experience who can help them grow into the profession. Experienced teachers, likewise, want to become leaders in their schools by mentoring new teachers. I was recently talking to teachers in Denver, an innovative school district that is trying some new approaches. They told me one of the best changes is a new emphasis to work in groups. They said the spirit of the collaboration reminds them of why they became teachers in the first place. Perhaps most importantly, teachers must have a voice in creating the future of teaching. They have a unique understanding of where their profession needs to go and what they need to do their best work for students. We have an obligation to benefit from their wisdom. That is why all the work we do at the foundation is in partnership with teachers.